ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: From May to September 2011, a total of 138 wild rodents of the Cricetidae family were collected in the cities of Anhembi, Bofete and Torre de Pedra, in São Paulo State. All animals were examined for the presence of ticks, which were collected and identified at species level in the laboratory by morphological examination (for adults, nymphs and larvae) and molecular biology, by sequencing of a fragment of the 16S mitochondrial rDNA (for larvae). A total of 47 ticks (21 larvae and 26 nymphs) were collected from rodents, identified as 21 larvae and 23 nymphs of Amblyomma ovale (collected on Oligoryzomys nigripes, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Sooretamys agouya and Nectomys squamipes), two nymphs of Ixodes schulzei (O. nigripes and O. flavescens) and an Amblyomma sculptum nymph in S. agouya. The overall prevalence of parasitism by A. ovale was 4.3% for larvae, and 10.1% for nymphs. The mean intensity of parasitism was 3.5 larvae/parasitized animal, and 1.6 nymphs/parasitized animal. One O. nigripes was found parasitized by both larva and nymph of A. ovale, and another O. nigripes was parasitized simultaneously by an I. schulzei nymph and five A. ovale nymphs. This research reports the following unpublished records: A. ovale on O. flavescens, O. nigripes and S. agouya; A. sculptum on S. agouya; and I. schulzei on O. flavescens and O. nigripes.
RESUMO: De maio a setembro de 2011, um total de 138 roedores silvestres da família Cricetidae foram coletados nos municípios de Anhembi, Bofete e Torre de Pedra, no estado de São Paulo. Todos os animais foram examinados quanto à presença de carrapatos, os quais foram coletados e identificados ao nível de espécie em laboratório, através de análises morfológicas (para adultos, ninfas e larvas) e por biologia molecular para confirmar estas análises, através do sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene 16S rDNA mitocondrial (para uma parte das larvas). Um total de 47 carrapatos (21 larvas e 26 ninfas) foi coletado dos roedores, sendo identificados como 21 larvas e 23 ninfas de Amblyomma ovale (coletados sobre Oligoryzomys nigripes, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Sooretamys agouya e Nectomys squamipes), duas ninfas de Ixodes schulzei (em O. nigripes e O. flavescens) e uma ninfa de Amblyomma sculptum em S. agouya. A prevalência geral de parasitismo por A. ovale foi de 4,3% e de 10,1% para larvas e ninfas, respectivamente. As intensidades médias de parasitismo foram de 3,5 larvas/animal parasitado e de 1,6 ninfas/animal parasitado. Um O. nigripes foi encontrado parasitado simultaneamente por larva e ninfa de A. ovale, e outro O. nigripes estava parasitado simultaneamente por uma ninfa de I. schulzei e cinco ninfas de A. ovale. O presente trabalho reporta os seguintes registros inéditos: A. ovale em O. flavescens, O. nigripes e S. agouya; A. sculptum em S. agouya; e I. schulzei em O. flavescens e O. nigripes.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACTWe have evaluated the efficacy of short-interfering RNAs targeting the nucleoprotein gene and also the brain immune response in treated and non-treated infected mice. Mice were inoculated with wild-type virus, classified as dog (hv2) or vampire bat (hv3) variants and both groups were treated or leaved as controls. No difference was observed in the lethality rate between treated and non-treated groups, although clinical evaluation of hv2 infected mice showed differences in the severity of clinical disease (p = 0.0006). Evaluation of brain immune response 5 days post-inoculation in treated hv2 group showed no difference among the analyzed genes, whereas after 10 days post-inoculation there was increased expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 12, interferon gamma, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 associated with higher expression of Ngene in the same period (p < 0.0001). In hv2 non-treated group only higher interferon beta expression was found at day 5. The observed differences in results of the immune response genes between treated and non-treated groups is not promising as they had neither impact on mortality nor even a reduction in the expression of N gene in siRNA treated animals. This finding suggests that the use of pre-designed siRNA alone may not be useful in rabies treatment.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Humans , Mice , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Chiroptera/virology , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , Rabies virus/drug effects , Rabies/therapy , Brain/immunology , Cell Line , Disease Models, Animal , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies/virology , Virus Replication/drug effects , Virus Replication/geneticsABSTRACT
A brucelose é uma importante zoonose causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella. O homem é infectado pelo contato com as secreções reprodutivas como placenta, lóquios placentários, sêmen e secreções penianas de animais infectados ou pelo consumo de leite e derivados não pasteurizados. Com o objetivo de pesquisar a presença da bactéria no leite, foram avaliadas, através da técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), 30 amostras de leite cru comercializadas clandestinamente na região de Botucatu, São Paulo, bem como 50 amostras de leite entregues em laticínio, previamente à pasteurização. Das 80 amostras analisadas pela técnica de PCR, 10 (12,5%) foram positivas e 70 (87,5%) negativas. Dentre as amostras positivas, 5 amostras (16,6%) eram provenientes de comerciantes ilegais e outras 5 amostras (10%) foram obtidas no laticínio. A positividade para Brucella spp. demonstra que o patógeno se encontra presente de forma importante na região de Botucatu, São Paulo, e que o risco associado à saúde pública devido à comercialização de produtos clandestinos sem prévia pasteurização é real.(AU)
Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Man infection occurs through contact with reproductive secretions as placenta and its lochia, semen and penile secretion of infected animals or by consuming unpasteurized milk and dairy products. With the objective of investigating the presence of bacteria in milk, 30 samples of raw milk sold illegally in the region of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, as well as 50 samples of milk delivered to a dairy industry previously to its pasteurization were evaluated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Of the 80 samples analyzed, 10 samples (12.5%) were positive and 70 (87.5%) were negative. Among the positive samples, 5 (16.6%) were from illegal traders and other 5 (10%) were obtained from the dairy industry. Brucella spp. positivity shows that the pathogen is representatively present in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, and the risk associated to public health due to the commercialization of illegal products without pasteurization is real.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Brucella abortus , Brucellosis, Bovine , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Milk , Pasteurization , Zoonoses , Commerce , AgribusinessABSTRACT
Imunomoduladores são substâncias que atuam no sistema imunológico conferindo aumento da respostaorgânica contra determinados microorganismos, incluindo vírus, bactérias e protozoários, mediante àprodução de interferon e seus indutores. Existem muitas situações na medicina veterinária em que setorna desejável potencializar a resposta imune, principalmente quando se pretende aumentar a resistênciaàs infecções e no tratamento de enfermidades imunossupressoras ou de doenças infecciosas multifatorias,ou seja, nas quais vários agentes estão envolvidos e devido a isso, dificilmente obtêm-se sucesso noemprego de tratamentos convencionais. Na medicina veterinária alguns imunomoduladores utilizadossão interferons , interleucinas, Bacilo de Calmett-Guérin (BCG) e seus derivados, Propionibacteriumacnes (Corynebacterium parvum), vacina bacteriana mista, PIND-ORF, Phosprenyl, Quillaja saponis,Bordetella pertussis, avridina e levamizol. O presente trabalho avalia a aplicação dos diferentesimunomoduladores na profilaxia e na terapêutica das doenças infecciosas dos animais domésticos.
Immunomodulators are substances that act in the immune system providing, increase of the organicanswer against microorganisms, including virus, bacteria and protozoa, by inducing the production ofinterferon and its inducers. There are a lot of situations in veterinary medicine where it is usefull topotencialize the immune response of individuals, mainly when is desired to increase the resistance toinfections and the treatment of immunossupressing or multifactorials infectious diseases. In veterinarymedicine some of more used immunomodulators are interferons and interferon inducers, interleukines,Baccilus of Calmett-Guérin (BCG) and its derivated, Propionibacterium acnes (Corynebacterium parvum),mixed bacterial vaccine, PIND-ORF, Phosprenyl, Quillja Saponis, Bordetella pertussis, avridine and thelevamizole. The present work review the available scientific literature, regarding the use of differentimmunomodulators in the prophylaxis and in the therapeutics of infectious diseases in domestic animals.